COMPLEX SYSTEMS:
In a complex system, the successful functioning of each system component depends on the functioning of other components. Thus, software can only operate if the processor is operational. The processor can only carry out computations if the software system defining these computations has been successfully installed.
Complex systems are usually hierarchical and so include other systems. For example, a police command and control system may include a geographical information system to provide details of the location of incidents. These included systems are called ‘subsystems’. Subsystems can operate as independent systems in their own right. For example, the same geographical information system may be used in systems for transport logistics and emergency command and control.
Organizational factors from the system’s environment that may affect the requirements, design, and operation of a socio-technical system include:
1. Process changes: The system may require changes to the work processes in the environment. If so, training will certainly be required. If changes are significant, or if they involve people losing their jobs, there is a danger that the users will resist the introduction of the system.
2. Job changes: New systems may de-skill the users in an environment or cause them to change the way they work. If so, users may actively resist the introduction of the system into the organization. Designs that involve managers having to change their way of working to fit a new computer system are often resented. The managers may feel that their status in the organization is being reduced by the system.
3. Organizational changes: The system may change the political power structure in an organization. For example, if an organization is dependent on a complex system, those who control access to that system have a great deal of political power.
